surgoncoКреативная хирургия и онкологияCreative surgery and oncology2076-30932307-0501Башкирский государственный медицинский университет10.24060/2076-3093-2025-15-4-390-401surgonco-1152Research ArticleОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSОстрая неокклюзионная мезентериальная ишемияAcute Non-Occlusive Mesenteric Ischemiahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4832-6363ТимербулатовШ. В.TimerbulatovSh. V.

Тимербулатов Шамиль Вилевич — д.м.н., профессор, кафедра хирургии и эндоскопии

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа 

Shamil V. Timerbulatov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Department of Surgery and Endoscopy

Ufa 

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2874-7213ГафароваА. Р.GafarovaA. R.

Гафарова Айгуль Радиковна — к.м.н., кафедра хирургии и эндоскопии

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа 

Aigul R. Gafarova — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Department of Surgery and Endoscopy

Ufa 

argafarova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6085-2673ПлечевВ. В.PlechevV. V.

Плечев Вячеслав Владимирович — ординатор, кафедра госпитальной и сердечно-сосудистой хирургии

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа 

Vyacheslav V. Plechev — Resident, Department of Hospital and Cardiovascular Surgery

Ufa 

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-4830ГараевР. Р.GaraevR. R.

Гараев Руслан Ралифович — к.м.н., кафедра общей хирургии, трансплантологии и лучевой диагностики

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа 

Ruslan R. Garaev — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Department of General Surgery, Transplantology and X-Ray Diagnostic

Ufa 

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1696-3146ТимербулатовВ. М.TimerbulatovV. M.

Тимербулатов Виль Мамилович — д.м.н., чл.-корр. РАН, профессор, кафедра хирургии и эндоскопии

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа 

Vil M. Timerbulatov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof., Department of Surgery and Endoscopy

Ufa 

Башкирский государственный медицинский университетРоссияBashkir State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202524122025154390401Copyright © Тимербулатов Ш.В., Гафарова А.Р., Плечев В.В., Гараев Р.Р., Тимербулатов В.М., 20252025Тимербулатов Ш.В., Гафарова А.Р., Плечев В.В., Гараев Р.Р., Тимербулатов В.М.Timerbulatov S.V., Gafarova A.R., Plechev V.V., Garaev R.R., Timerbulatov V.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.surgonco.ru/jour/article/view/1152

В обзоре представлен анализ современной научной литературы, посвященной острой неокклюзионной мезентериальной ишемии (ОНМИ) — тяжелейшей патологии с летальностью до 80 %. Рассматриваются ключевые аспекты патогенеза, основные факторы риска и особенности клинической картины, затрудняющие раннюю диагностику. Особое внимание уделено возможностям и ограничениям современных методов диагностики, включая мультиспиральную компьютерно-томографическую ангиографию (МСКТ-А) и определение биомаркеров. Подробно проанализированы стратегии консервативного лечения (антикоагулянтная, системная вазодилатационная терапия) и хирургических вмешательств, включая реваскуляризацию, резекцию нежизнеспособных участков кишки и тактику damage control surgery. Обсуждается критически важная роль эксплоративной лапаротомии и лапароскопии в верификации диагноза и интраоперационной оценки жизнеспособности кишечника. Подчеркивается необходимость мультидисциплинарного подхода и создания специализированных центров для улучшения исходов лечения.

The present paper reviews contemporary scientific literature devoted to acute non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (ANMI) as a severe pathology with a mortality rate of up to 80 %. The key aspects of pathogenesis, main risk factors and features of the clinical picture that complicate early diagnosis are considered. Particular attention is paid to the capabilities and limitations of contemporary diagnostic methods, including multislice computed tomography angiography (MSCT-A) and determination of biomarkers. Conservative treatment strategies, such as anticoagulant and systemic vasodilatation therapy, and surgical interventions, including revascularization, resection of non-viable sections of the intestine and damage control surgery tactics are analyzed in detail. The critical role of exploratory laparotomy and laparoscopy in verifying the diagnosis and intraoperative assessment of intestinal viability is discussed. The emphasis is put on the need for a multidisciplinary approach and creation of specialized centers to improve treatment outcomes.

острая неокклюзионная мезентериальная ишемияфакторы рискабиомаркерыКТангиографиялапаротомиялапароскопияантикоагулянтная терапияантитромботическая терапияинфузионная терапияacute non-occlusive mesenteric ischemiarisk factorsbiomarkersCT angiographylaparotomylaparoscopyanticoagulant therapyantithrombotic therapyinfusion therapyReferencesЛисин С.В., Прямиков А.Д., Дубровский А.В. Острая окклюзия верхней брыжеечной артерии — состояние проблемы в многопрофильном стационаре. В кн. Научные исследования в реализации программы «Здоровое население России» Материалы 3-го международного хирургического конгресса. М.; 2008. С. 174.Lisin S.V., Pryamikov A.D., Dubrovskiy A.V. Acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery — the state of the problem in a multispeciality hospital. In: Scientific research in the implementation of the “Healthy Population of Russia” program Proceedings of the 3rd International Surgical Congress. Мoscow; 2008. P. 174 (In Russ.).Bala M., Kashuk J., Moore E.E., Kluger Y., Biffl W., Gomes C.A., et al. Acute mesenteric ischemia: guidelines of the World Society of Emergency Surgery. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;12:38. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0150-5Bala M., Kashuk J., Moore E.E., Kluger Y., Biffl W., Gomes C.A., et al. Acute mesenteric ischemia: guidelines of the World Society of Emergency Surgery. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;12:38. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0150-5Horton K.M., Fishman E.K. Multidetector CT angiography in the diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia. Radiol Clin North Am. 2007;45(2):275– 88. DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2007.03.010Horton K.M., Fishman E.K. Multidetector CT angiography in the diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia. Radiol Clin North Am. 2007;45(2):275– 88. DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2007.03.010Schoots I.G., Koffeman G.I., Legemate D.A., Levi M., van Gulik T.M. Systematic review of survival after acute mesenteric ischaemia according to disease aetiology. Br J Surg. 2004;91(1):17–27. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4459Schoots I.G., Koffeman G.I., Legemate D.A., Levi M., van Gulik T.M. Systematic review of survival after acute mesenteric ischaemia according to disease aetiology. Br J Surg. 2004;91(1):17–27. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4459Beaulieu R.J., Arnaoutakis K.D., Abularrage C.J., Efron D.T., Schneider E., Black J.H. 3rd. Comparison of open and endovascular treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59(1):159–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.06.084Beaulieu R.J., Arnaoutakis K.D., Abularrage C.J., Efron D.T., Schneider E., Black J.H. 3rd. Comparison of open and endovascular treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59(1):159–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.06.084Хрипун А.И., Миронков А.Б., Прямиков А.Д., Тюрин И.Н., Алимов А.Н., Агасян Г.А. Эндоваскулярное лечение пациентов с тромбоэмболией верхней брыжеечной артерии. Вестник хирургии им. И.И. Грекова. 2019;178(6):36–40. DOI: 10.24884/0042-4625-2019-178-6-36-40Khripun A.I., Mironkov A.B., Pryamikov A.D., Tyurin I.N., Alimov A.N., Agasyan G. Endovascular treatment of patients with acute thromboembolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Grekov’s Bulletin of Surgery. 2019;178(6):36–40 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24884/0042-4625-2019-178-6-36-40Хрипун А.И., Миронков А.Б., Прямиков А.Д., Тюрин И.Н., Абашин М.В., Алимов А.Н. и др. Эндоваскулярная хирургия острого артериального нарушения кровообращения: подходы к лечению. Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова. 2020;3:61–6. DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia202003166Khripun A.I., Mironkov A.B., Pryamikov A.D., Tyurin I.N., Abashin M.V., Alimov A.N., et al. Endovascular surgery for acute mesenteric ischemia. Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2020;3:61–6 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia202003166Naazar A.A., Omair A., Chu S.H., Keane K.G., Weber D.G. A shifting trend towards endovascular intervention in the treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia. Cureus. 2021;13(10):ee18544. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18544Naazar A.A., Omair A., Chu S.H., Keane K.G., Weber D.G. A shifting trend towards endovascular intervention in the treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia. Cureus. 2021;13(10):ee18544. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18544Acosta-Mérida M.A., Marchena-Gómez J., Saavedra-Santana P., Silvestre-Rodríguez J., Artiles-Armas M., Callejón-Cara M.M. Surgical outcomes in acute mesenteric ischemia: has anything changed over the years? World J Surg. 2020;44(1):100–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-019-05183-9Acosta-Mérida M.A., Marchena-Gómez J., Saavedra-Santana P., Silvestre-Rodríguez J., Artiles-Armas M., Callejón-Cara M.M. Surgical outcomes in acute mesenteric ischemia: has anything changed over the years? World J Surg. 2020;44(1):100–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-019-05183-9Arthurs Z.M., Titus J., Bannazadeh M., Eagleton M.J., Srivastava S., Sarac T.P., et al.A comparison of endovascular revascularization with traditional therapy for the treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(3):698–705. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.09.049Arthurs Z.M., Titus J., Bannazadeh M., Eagleton M.J., Srivastava S., Sarac T.P., et al.A comparison of endovascular revascularization with traditional therapy for the treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(3):698–705. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.09.049Bomberg H., Stroeder J., Karrenbauer K., Groesdonk H.V., Wagenpfeil S., Klingele M., et al. Establishment of predictive models for nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia comparing 8,296 control with 452 study patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(5):1290–7. DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.08.194Bomberg H., Stroeder J., Karrenbauer K., Groesdonk H.V., Wagenpfeil S., Klingele M., et al. Establishment of predictive models for nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia comparing 8,296 control with 452 study patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(5):1290–7. DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.08.194Björck M., Koelemay M., Acosta S., Bastos Goncalves F., Kölbel T., Kolkman J.J., et al. Editor’s choice — management of the diseases of mesenteric arteries and veins: clinical practice guidelines of the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;53(4):460–510. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.01.010Björck M., Koelemay M., Acosta S., Bastos Goncalves F., Kölbel T., Kolkman J.J., et al. Editor’s choice — management of the diseases of mesenteric arteries and veins: clinical practice guidelines of the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;53(4):460–510. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.01.010Al-Diery H., Phillips A., Evennett N., Pandanaboyana S., Gilham M., Windsor J.A. The pathogenesis of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: implications for research and clinical practice. J Intensive Care Med. 2019;34(10):771–81. DOI: 10.1177/0885066618788827Al-Diery H., Phillips A., Evennett N., Pandanaboyana S., Gilham M., Windsor J.A. The pathogenesis of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: implications for research and clinical practice. J Intensive Care Med. 2019;34(10):771–81. DOI: 10.1177/0885066618788827Howard T.J., Plaskon L.A., Wiebke E.A., Wilcox M.G., Madura J.A. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia remains a diagnostic dilemma. Am J Surg. 1996;171(4):405–8. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9610(97)89620-2Howard T.J., Plaskon L.A., Wiebke E.A., Wilcox M.G., Madura J.A. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia remains a diagnostic dilemma. Am J Surg. 1996;171(4):405–8. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9610(97)89620-2Duran M., Pohl E., Grabitz K., Schelzig H., Sagban T.A., Simon F. The importance of open emergency surgery in the treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia. World J Emerg Surg. 2015;10:45. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-015-0039-0Duran M., Pohl E., Grabitz K., Schelzig H., Sagban T.A., Simon F. The importance of open emergency surgery in the treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia. World J Emerg Surg. 2015;10:45. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-015-0039-0Clair D.G., Beach J.M. Mesenteric Ischemia. New Engl J Med. 2016;374:959–68. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1503884Clair D.G., Beach J.M. Mesenteric Ischemia. New Engl J Med. 2016;374:959–68. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1503884Trompeter M., Brazda T., Remy C.T., Vestring T., Reimer P. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: etiology, diagnosis, and interventional therapy. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:1179–87. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-001-1220-2Trompeter M., Brazda T., Remy C.T., Vestring T., Reimer P. Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia: etiology, diagnosis, and interventional therapy. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:1179–87. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-001-1220-2Sakamoto T., Fujiogi M., Matsui H., Fushimi K., Yasunaga H. Clinical features and outcomes of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia after cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Heart Vessels. 2020;35:630–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00380-019-01531-wSakamoto T., Fujiogi M., Matsui H., Fushimi K., Yasunaga H. Clinical features and outcomes of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia after cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Heart Vessels. 2020;35:630–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00380-019-01531-wSato H., Nakamura M., Uzuka T., Kondo M. Detection of patients at high risk for nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia after cardiovascular surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;13(1):115. DOI: 10.1186/s13019-018-0807-5Sato H., Nakamura M., Uzuka T., Kondo M. Detection of patients at high risk for nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia after cardiovascular surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;13(1):115. DOI: 10.1186/s13019-018-0807-5Suzuki S., Kondo H., Furukawa A., Kawai K., Yukaya T., Shimazui T., et al. Prognostic factors of preoperative examinations for non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia: a multicenter retrospective project study conducted by the Japanese society for abdominal emergency medicine. World J Surg. 2020;44:3687–94. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05678-wSuzuki S., Kondo H., Furukawa A., Kawai K., Yukaya T., Shimazui T., et al. Prognostic factors of preoperative examinations for non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia: a multicenter retrospective project study conducted by the Japanese society for abdominal emergency medicine. World J Surg. 2020;44:3687–94. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05678-wYukaya T., Saeki H., Taketani K., Ando K., Ida S., Kimura Y., et al. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after surgery for nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: a multicenter study. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18:1642–7. DOI: 10.1007/s11605-014-2579-0Yukaya T., Saeki H., Taketani K., Ando K., Ida S., Kimura Y., et al. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after surgery for nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: a multicenter study. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18:1642–7. DOI: 10.1007/s11605-014-2579-0Desborough J.P. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:109–17. DOI: 10.1093/bja/85.1.109Desborough J.P. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:109–17. DOI: 10.1093/bja/85.1.109Gelman S., Mushlin P.S. Catecholamine-induced changes in the splanchnic circulation affecting systemic hemodynamics. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:434–9. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200402000-00036Gelman S., Mushlin P.S. Catecholamine-induced changes in the splanchnic circulation affecting systemic hemodynamics. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:434–9. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200402000-00036Mitsuyoshi A., Obama K., Shinkura N., Ito T., Zaima M. Survival in nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: early diagnosis by multidetector row computed tomography and early treatment with continuous intravenous high-dose prostaglandin E1. Ann Surg. 2007;246(2):229–35. DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000263157.59422.76Mitsuyoshi A., Obama K., Shinkura N., Ito T., Zaima M. Survival in nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: early diagnosis by multidetector row computed tomography and early treatment with continuous intravenous high-dose prostaglandin E1. Ann Surg. 2007;246(2):229–35. DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000263157.59422.76Perez-Garcia C., de Miguel Campos E., Fernandez Gonzalo A., Malfaz C., Martin Pinacho J.J., Fernandez Alvarez C., et al. Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia: CT findings, clinical outcomes and assessment of the diameter of the superior mesenteric artery. Br J Radiol. 2018;91(1081):20170492. DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170492Perez-Garcia C., de Miguel Campos E., Fernandez Gonzalo A., Malfaz C., Martin Pinacho J.J., Fernandez Alvarez C., et al. Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia: CT findings, clinical outcomes and assessment of the diameter of the superior mesenteric artery. Br J Radiol. 2018;91(1081):20170492. DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170492Toda Y., Komatsu S., Fukami Y., Saito T., Matsumura T., Osawa T., et al. Prognostic factors for the successful conservative management of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. World J Emerg Surg. 2022;17(1):32. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-022-00436-wToda Y., Komatsu S., Fukami Y., Saito T., Matsumura T., Osawa T., et al. Prognostic factors for the successful conservative management of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. World J Emerg Surg. 2022;17(1):32. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-022-00436-wKhan A., Hsee L., Mathur S., Civil I. Damage-control laparotomy in nontrauma patients: review of indications and outcomes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75(3):365–8. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31829cb65eKhan A., Hsee L., Mathur S., Civil I. Damage-control laparotomy in nontrauma patients: review of indications and outcomes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75(3):365–8. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31829cb65eKärkkäinen J.M., Acosta S. Acute mesenteric ischemia (part I) — Incidence, etiologies, and how to improve early diagnosis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;31(1):15–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2016.10.018Kärkkäinen J.M., Acosta S. Acute mesenteric ischemia (part I) — Incidence, etiologies, and how to improve early diagnosis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;31(1):15–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2016.10.018Nuzzo A., Maggiori L., Ronot M., Becq A., Plessier A., Gault N., et al. Predictive factors of intestinal necrosis in acute mesenteric ischemia: prospective study from an intestinal stroke center. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(4):597–605. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.38Nuzzo A., Maggiori L., Ronot M., Becq A., Plessier A., Gault N., et al. Predictive factors of intestinal necrosis in acute mesenteric ischemia: prospective study from an intestinal stroke center. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(4):597–605. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.38Lodigiani C., Iapichino G., Carenzo L., Cecconi M., Ferrazzi P., Sebastian T., et al. Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Thromb Res. 2020;191:9–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.024Lodigiani C., Iapichino G., Carenzo L., Cecconi M., Ferrazzi P., Sebastian T., et al. Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Thromb Res. 2020;191:9–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.024Cattaneo M., Bertinato E.M., Birocchi S., Brizio C., Malavolta D., Manzoni M., et al. Pulmonary embolism or pulmonary thrombosis in COVID-19? Is the recommendation to use high-dose heparin for thromboprophylaxis justified? Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(8):1230–2. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712097Cattaneo M., Bertinato E.M., Birocchi S., Brizio C., Malavolta D., Manzoni M., et al. Pulmonary embolism or pulmonary thrombosis in COVID-19? Is the recommendation to use high-dose heparin for thromboprophylaxis justified? Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(8):1230–2. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712097Endean E.D., Barnes S.L., Kwolek C.J., Minion D.J., Schwarcz T.H., Mentzer R.M. Jr. Surgical management of thrombotic acute intestinal ischemia. Ann Surg. 2001;233(6):801–8. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200106000-00010Endean E.D., Barnes S.L., Kwolek C.J., Minion D.J., Schwarcz T.H., Mentzer R.M. Jr. Surgical management of thrombotic acute intestinal ischemia. Ann Surg. 2001;233(6):801–8. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200106000-00010Zeier M., Wiesel M., Rambausek M., Ritz E. Non-occlusive mesenteric infarction in dialysis patients: the importance of prevention and early intervention. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995;10(6):771–3. PMID: 7566602Zeier M., Wiesel M., Rambausek M., Ritz E. Non-occlusive mesenteric infarction in dialysis patients: the importance of prevention and early intervention. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995;10(6):771–3. PMID: 7566602Zielinski M.D., Eiken P.W. The science of mesenteric ischemia: a primer for the gastroenterologist. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(11):2249–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.06.045Zielinski M.D., Eiken P.W. The science of mesenteric ischemia: a primer for the gastroenterologist. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(11):2249–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.06.045Kougias P., Lau D., El Sayed H.F., Zhou W., Huynh T.T., Lin P.H. Determinants of mortality and treatment outcome following surgical interventions for acute mesenteric ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(3):467–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.04.045Kougias P., Lau D., El Sayed H.F., Zhou W., Huynh T.T., Lin P.H. Determinants of mortality and treatment outcome following surgical interventions for acute mesenteric ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(3):467–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.04.045Nuzzo A., Maggiori L., Ronot M., Becq A., Plessier A., Gault N., et al. Predictive factors of intestinal necrosis in acute mesenteric ischemia: prospective study from an intestinal stroke center. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:597–605. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.38Nuzzo A., Maggiori L., Ronot M., Becq A., Plessier A., Gault N., et al. Predictive factors of intestinal necrosis in acute mesenteric ischemia: prospective study from an intestinal stroke center. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:597–605. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.38Evennett N.J., Petrov M.S., Mittal A., Windsor J.A. Systematic review and pooled estimates for the diagnostic accuracy of serological markers for intestinal ischemia. World J Surg. 2009;33(7):1374–83. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-0074-7Evennett N.J., Petrov M.S., Mittal A., Windsor J.A. Systematic review and pooled estimates for the diagnostic accuracy of serological markers for intestinal ischemia. World J Surg. 2009;33(7):1374–83. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-0074-7Powell A., Armstrong P. Plasma biomarkers for early diagnosis of acute intestinal ischemia. Semin Vasc Surg. 2014;27(3–4):170–5. DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2015.01.008Powell A., Armstrong P. Plasma biomarkers for early diagnosis of acute intestinal ischemia. Semin Vasc Surg. 2014;27(3–4):170–5. DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2015.01.008Block T., Nilsson T.K., Björck M., Acosta S. Diagnostic accuracy of plasma biomarkers for intestinal ischaemia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008;68(3):242–8. DOI: 10.1080/00365510701646264Block T., Nilsson T.K., Björck M., Acosta S. Diagnostic accuracy of plasma biomarkers for intestinal ischaemia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008;68(3):242–8. DOI: 10.1080/00365510701646264Wilson C., Imrie C.W. Amylase and gut infarction. Br J Surg. 1986;73(3):219–21. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800730322Wilson C., Imrie C.W. Amylase and gut infarction. Br J Surg. 1986;73(3):219–21. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800730322Matsumoto S., Sekine K., Funaoka H., Yamazaki M., Shimizu M., Hayashida K., et al. Diagnostic performance of plasma biomarkers in patients with acute intestinal ischaemia. Br J Surg. 2014;101(3):232–8. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9331Matsumoto S., Sekine K., Funaoka H., Yamazaki M., Shimizu M., Hayashida K., et al. Diagnostic performance of plasma biomarkers in patients with acute intestinal ischaemia. Br J Surg. 2014;101(3):232–8. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9331Treskes N., Persoon A.M., van Zanten A.R.H. Diagnostic accuracy of novel serological biomarkers to detect acute mesenteric ischemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(6):821– 36. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-017-1668-yTreskes N., Persoon A.M., van Zanten A.R.H. Diagnostic accuracy of novel serological biomarkers to detect acute mesenteric ischemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(6):821– 36. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-017-1668-yNuzzo A., Guedj K., Curac S., Hercend C., Bendavid C., Gault N., et al. Accuracy of citrulline, I-FABP and D-lactate in the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):18929. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98012-wNuzzo A., Guedj K., Curac S., Hercend C., Bendavid C., Gault N., et al. Accuracy of citrulline, I-FABP and D-lactate in the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):18929. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98012-wPeoc’h K., Nuzzo A., Guedj K., Paugam C., Corcos O. Diagnosis biomarkers in acute intestinal ischemic injury: so close, yet so far. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(3):373–85. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0291Peoc’h K., Nuzzo A., Guedj K., Paugam C., Corcos O. Diagnosis biomarkers in acute intestinal ischemic injury: so close, yet so far. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(3):373–85. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0291Aschoff A.J., Stuber G., Becker B.W., Hoffmann M.H., Schmitz B.L., Schelzig H., et al. Evaluation of acute mesenteric ischemia: accuracy of biphasic mesenteric multi-detector CT angiography. Abdom Imaging. 2009;34(3):345–57. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-008-9392-8Aschoff A.J., Stuber G., Becker B.W., Hoffmann M.H., Schmitz B.L., Schelzig H., et al. Evaluation of acute mesenteric ischemia: accuracy of biphasic mesenteric multi-detector CT angiography. Abdom Imaging. 2009;34(3):345–57. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-008-9392-8Menke J. Diagnostic accuracy of multidetector CT in acute mesenteric ischemia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology. 2010;256(1):93–101. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10091938Menke J. Diagnostic accuracy of multidetector CT in acute mesenteric ischemia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology. 2010;256(1):93–101. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10091938Hagspiel K.D., Flors L., Hanley M., Norton P.T. Computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography imaging of the mesenteric vasculature. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;18(1):2–13. DOI: 10.1053/j.tvir.2014.12.002Hagspiel K.D., Flors L., Hanley M., Norton P.T. Computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography imaging of the mesenteric vasculature. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;18(1):2–13. DOI: 10.1053/j.tvir.2014.12.002Ginsburg M., Obara P., Lambert D.L., Hanley M., Steigner M.L., Camacho M.A., et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Imaging of mesenteric ischemia. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018;15(11S):S332–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.09.018Ginsburg M., Obara P., Lambert D.L., Hanley M., Steigner M.L., Camacho M.A., et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Imaging of mesenteric ischemia. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018;15(11S):S332–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.09.018Emile S.H., Khan S.M., Barsoum S.H. Predictors of bowel necrosis in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Updates Surg. 2021;73:47–57. DOI: 10.1007/s13304-020-00952-xEmile S.H., Khan S.M., Barsoum S.H. Predictors of bowel necrosis in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Updates Surg. 2021;73:47–57. DOI: 10.1007/s13304-020-00952-xBradbury A.W., Brittenden J., McBride K., Ruckley C.V. Mesenteric ischaemia: a multidisciplinary approach. Br J Surg. 1995;82(11):1446– 59. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800821105Bradbury A.W., Brittenden J., McBride K., Ruckley C.V. Mesenteric ischaemia: a multidisciplinary approach. Br J Surg. 1995;82(11):1446– 59. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800821105Kassahun W.T., Schulz T., Richter O., Hauss J. Unchanged high mortality rates from acute occlusive intestinal ischemia: six year review. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008;393(2):163–71. DOI: 10.1007/s00423-007-0263-5Kassahun W.T., Schulz T., Richter O., Hauss J. Unchanged high mortality rates from acute occlusive intestinal ischemia: six year review. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008;393(2):163–71. DOI: 10.1007/s00423-007-0263-5Kirkpatrick I.D., Kroeker M.A., Greenberg H.M. Biphasic CT with mesenteric CT angiography in the evaluation of acute mesenteric ischemia: initial experience. Radiology. 2003;229(1):91–8. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2291020991Kirkpatrick I.D., Kroeker M.A., Greenberg H.M. Biphasic CT with mesenteric CT angiography in the evaluation of acute mesenteric ischemia: initial experience. Radiology. 2003;229(1):91–8. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2291020991Daviaud F., Grimaldi D., Dechartres A., Charpentier J., Geri G., Marin N., et al. Timing and causes of death in septic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2015;5(1):16. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-015-0058-8Daviaud F., Grimaldi D., Dechartres A., Charpentier J., Geri G., Marin N., et al. Timing and causes of death in septic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2015;5(1):16. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-015-0058-8Guillaume A., Pili-Floury S., Chocron S., Delabrousse E., De Parseval B., Koch S., et al. Acute mesenteric ischemia among post-cardiac surgery patients presenting with multiple organ failure. Shock. 2016;47:296–302. DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000712Guillaume A., Pili-Floury S., Chocron S., Delabrousse E., De Parseval B., Koch S., et al. Acute mesenteric ischemia among post-cardiac surgery patients presenting with multiple organ failure. Shock. 2016;47:296–302. DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000712Mastoraki A., Mastoraki S., Tziava E., Touloumi S., Krinos N., Danias N., et al. Mesenteric ischemia: Pathogenesis and challenging diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2016;7(1):125–30. DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.125Mastoraki A., Mastoraki S., Tziava E., Touloumi S., Krinos N., Danias N., et al. Mesenteric ischemia: Pathogenesis and challenging diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2016;7(1):125–30. DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.125De Backer D., Creteur J., Silva E., Vincent J.L. Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: which is best? Crit Care Med. 2003;31(6):1659–67. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000063045.77339.B6De Backer D., Creteur J., Silva E., Vincent J.L. Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: which is best? Crit Care Med. 2003;31(6):1659–67. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000063045.77339.B6Krychtiuk K.A., Richter B., Lenz M., Hohensinner P.J., Huber K., Hengstenberg C., et al. Epinephrine treatment but not time to ROSC is associated with intestinal injury in patients with cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2020;155:32–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.07.018Krychtiuk K.A., Richter B., Lenz M., Hohensinner P.J., Huber K., Hengstenberg C., et al. Epinephrine treatment but not time to ROSC is associated with intestinal injury in patients with cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2020;155:32–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.07.018Bourcier S., Klug J., Nguyen L.S. Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia: diagnostic challenges and perspectives in the era of artificial intelligence. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(26):4088–103. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i26.4088Bourcier S., Klug J., Nguyen L.S. Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia: diagnostic challenges and perspectives in the era of artificial intelligence. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(26):4088–103. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i26.4088Helmerhorst H.J., Schultz M.J., van der Voort P.H., de Jonge E., van Westerloo D.J. Bench-to-bedside review: the effects of hyperoxia during critical illness. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):284. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0996-4Helmerhorst H.J., Schultz M.J., van der Voort P.H., de Jonge E., van Westerloo D.J. Bench-to-bedside review: the effects of hyperoxia during critical illness. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):284. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0996-4Sartelli M., Coccolini F., Kluger Y., Agastra E., Abu-Zidan F.M., Abbas A.E.S., et al. WSES/GAIS/SIS-E/WSIS/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16(1):49. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-021-00387-8Sartelli M., Coccolini F., Kluger Y., Agastra E., Abu-Zidan F.M., Abbas A.E.S., et al. WSES/GAIS/SIS-E/WSIS/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16(1):49. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-021-00387-8Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery Working Group. A global declaration on appropriate use of antimicrobial agents across the surgical pathway. Surg Infections. 2017;18(8):846–53. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2017.078Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery Working Group. A global declaration on appropriate use of antimicrobial agents across the surgical pathway. Surg Infections. 2017;18(8):846–53. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2017.078Wyers M.C. Acute mesenteric ischemia: diagnostic approach and surgical treatment. Semin Vasc Surg. 2010;23(1):9–20. DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2009.12.002Wyers M.C. Acute mesenteric ischemia: diagnostic approach and surgical treatment. Semin Vasc Surg. 2010;23(1):9–20. DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2009.12.002Corcos O., Nuzzo A. Gastro-intestinal vascular emergencies. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(5):709–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.08.006Corcos O., Nuzzo A. Gastro-intestinal vascular emergencies. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(5):709–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.08.006Sise M.J. Mesenteric ischemia: the whole spectrum. Scand J Surg. 2010;99(2):106–10. DOI: 10.1177/145749691009900212Sise M.J. Mesenteric ischemia: the whole spectrum. Scand J Surg. 2010;99(2):106–10. DOI: 10.1177/145749691009900212Park W.M., Gloviczki P., Cherry K.J. Jr, Hallett J.W. Jr, Bower T.C., Panneton J.M., et al. Contemporary management of acute mesenteric ischemia: Factors associated with survival. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35(3):445– 52. DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.120373Park W.M., Gloviczki P., Cherry K.J. Jr, Hallett J.W. Jr, Bower T.C., Panneton J.M., et al. Contemporary management of acute mesenteric ischemia: Factors associated with survival. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35(3):445– 52. DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.120373Ballard J.L., Stone W.M., Hallett J.W., Pairolero P.C., Cherry K.J. A critical analysis of adjuvant techniques used to assess bowel viability in acute mesenteric ischemia. Am Surg. 1993;59(5):309–11. PMID: 8489100Ballard J.L., Stone W.M., Hallett J.W., Pairolero P.C., Cherry K.J. A critical analysis of adjuvant techniques used to assess bowel viability in acute mesenteric ischemia. Am Surg. 1993;59(5):309–11. PMID: 8489100Paral J., Ferko A., Plodr M., Raupach J., Hadzi-Nikolov D., Dolezal D., et al. Laparoscopic diagnostics of acute bowel ischemia using ultraviolet light and fluorescein dye: an experimental study. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2007;17(4):291–5. DOI: 10.1097/SLE.0b013e3180dc9376Paral J., Ferko A., Plodr M., Raupach J., Hadzi-Nikolov D., Dolezal D., et al. Laparoscopic diagnostics of acute bowel ischemia using ultraviolet light and fluorescein dye: an experimental study. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2007;17(4):291–5. DOI: 10.1097/SLE.0b013e3180dc9376McGinty J.J. Jr, Hogle N., Fowler D.L. Laparoscopic evaluation of intestinal ischemia using fluorescein and ultraviolet light in a porcine model. Surg Endosc. 2003;17(7):1140–3. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-001-8255-yMcGinty J.J. Jr, Hogle N., Fowler D.L. Laparoscopic evaluation of intestinal ischemia using fluorescein and ultraviolet light in a porcine model. Surg Endosc. 2003;17(7):1140–3. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-001-8255-yWada T., Kawada K., Hoshino N., Inamoto S., Yoshitomi M., Hida K., et al. The effects of intraoperative ICG fluorescence angiography in laparoscopic low anterior resection: a propensity score-matched study. Int J Clin Oncol. 2019;24(4):394–402. DOI: 10.1007/s10147-018-1365-5Wada T., Kawada K., Hoshino N., Inamoto S., Yoshitomi M., Hida K., et al. The effects of intraoperative ICG fluorescence angiography in laparoscopic low anterior resection: a propensity score-matched study. Int J Clin Oncol. 2019;24(4):394–402. DOI: 10.1007/s10147-018-1365-5Chou E.L., Wang L.J., McLellan R.M., Feldman Z.M., Latz C.A., LaMuraglia G.M., et al. Evolution in the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021;74:53–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.01.116Chou E.L., Wang L.J., McLellan R.M., Feldman Z.M., Latz C.A., LaMuraglia G.M., et al. Evolution in the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021;74:53–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.01.116Cocorullo G., Mirabella A., Falco N., Fontana T., Tutino R., Licari L., et al. An investigation of bedside laparoscopy in the ICU for cases of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;12:4. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0118-5Cocorullo G., Mirabella A., Falco N., Fontana T., Tutino R., Licari L., et al. An investigation of bedside laparoscopy in the ICU for cases of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;12:4. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0118-5Agresta F., Ansaloni L., Baiocchi G.L., Bergamini C., Campanile F.C., Carlucci M., et al. Laparoscopic approach to acute abdomen from the Consensus Development Conference of the Società Italiana di Chirurgia Endoscopica e nuove tecnologie (SICE), Associazione Chirurghi Ospedalieri Italiani (ACOI), Società Italiana di Chirurgia (SIC), Società Italiana di Chirurgia d’Urgenza e del Trauma (SICUT), Società Italiana di Chirurgia nell’Ospedalità Privata (SICOP), and the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc. 2012;26(8):2134–64. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2331-3Agresta F., Ansaloni L., Baiocchi G.L., Bergamini C., Campanile F.C., Carlucci M., et al. Laparoscopic approach to acute abdomen from the Consensus Development Conference of the Società Italiana di Chirurgia Endoscopica e nuove tecnologie (SICE), Associazione Chirurghi Ospedalieri Italiani (ACOI), Società Italiana di Chirurgia (SIC), Società Italiana di Chirurgia d’Urgenza e del Trauma (SICUT), Società Italiana di Chirurgia nell’Ospedalità Privata (SICOP), and the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc. 2012;26(8):2134–64. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2331-3Bergamini C., Alemanno G., Giordano A., Pantalone D., Fontani G., Di Bella A.M., et al. The role of bed-side laparoscopy in the management of acute mesenteric ischemia of recent onset in post-cardiac surgery patients admitted to ICU. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(1):87–96. DOI: 10.1007/s00068-020-01500-3Bergamini C., Alemanno G., Giordano A., Pantalone D., Fontani G., Di Bella A.M., et al. The role of bed-side laparoscopy in the management of acute mesenteric ischemia of recent onset in post-cardiac surgery patients admitted to ICU. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(1):87–96. DOI: 10.1007/s00068-020-01500-3Schermerhorn M.L., Giles K.A., Hamdan A.D., Wyers M.C., Pomposelli F.B. Mesenteric revascularization: management and outcomes in the United States, 1988-2006. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50(2):341–8.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.03.004Schermerhorn M.L., Giles K.A., Hamdan A.D., Wyers M.C., Pomposelli F.B. Mesenteric revascularization: management and outcomes in the United States, 1988-2006. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50(2):341–8.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.03.004Block T.A., Acosta S., Björck M. Endovascular and open surgery for acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(4):959–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.084Block T.A., Acosta S., Björck M. Endovascular and open surgery for acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(4):959–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.084Ryer E.J., Kalra M., Oderich G.S., Duncan A.A., Gloviczki P., Cha S., et al. Revascularization for acute mesenteric ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55(6):1682–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.017Ryer E.J., Kalra M., Oderich G.S., Duncan A.A., Gloviczki P., Cha S., et al. Revascularization for acute mesenteric ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55(6):1682–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.017Al-Hilaly M.A., Abu-Zidan F.M. Mesenteric vein thrombosis: is it one disease? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1995;9(1):103–6. DOI: 10.1016/s1078-5884(05)80233-3Al-Hilaly M.A., Abu-Zidan F.M. Mesenteric vein thrombosis: is it one disease? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1995;9(1):103–6. DOI: 10.1016/s1078-5884(05)80233-3Stone H.H., Fabian T.C., Turkleson M.L., Jurkiewicz M.J. Management of acute full-thickness losses of the abdominal wall. Ann Surg. 1981;193(5):612–8. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198105000-00011Stone H.H., Fabian T.C., Turkleson M.L., Jurkiewicz M.J. Management of acute full-thickness losses of the abdominal wall. Ann Surg. 1981;193(5):612–8. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198105000-00011Godat L., Kobayashi L., Costantini T., Coimbra R. Abdominal damage control surgery and reconstruction: world society of emergency surgery position paper. World J Emerg Surg. 2013;8(1):53. DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-8-53Godat L., Kobayashi L., Costantini T., Coimbra R. Abdominal damage control surgery and reconstruction: world society of emergency surgery position paper. World J Emerg Surg. 2013;8(1):53. DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-8-53Weber D.G., Bendinelli C., Balogh Z.J. Damage control surgery for abdominal emergencies. Br J Surg. 2014;101(1):e109–18. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9360Weber D.G., Bendinelli C., Balogh Z.J. Damage control surgery for abdominal emergencies. Br J Surg. 2014;101(1):e109–18. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9360Meilahn J.E., Morris J.B., Ceppa E.P., Bulkley G.B. Effect of prolonged selective intramesenteric arterial vasodilator therapy on intestinal viability after acute segmental mesenteric vascular occlusion. Ann Surg. 2001;234(1):107–15. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200107000-00016Meilahn J.E., Morris J.B., Ceppa E.P., Bulkley G.B. Effect of prolonged selective intramesenteric arterial vasodilator therapy on intestinal viability after acute segmental mesenteric vascular occlusion. Ann Surg. 2001;234(1):107–15. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200107000-00016American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on intestinal ischemia. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(5):951– 3. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70182-xAmerican Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on intestinal ischemia. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(5):951– 3. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70182-x2011 WRITING GROUP MEMBERS; 2005 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS; ACCF/AHA TASK FORCE MEMBERS. 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(18):2020– 45. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31822e80c32011 WRITING GROUP MEMBERS; 2005 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS; ACCF/AHA TASK FORCE MEMBERS. 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(18):2020– 45. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31822e80c3Tilsed J.V., Casamassima A., Kurihara H., Mariani D., Martinez I., Pereira J., et al. ESTES guidelines: acute mesenteric ischaemia. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016;42(2):253–70. DOI: 10.1007/s00068-016-0634-0Tilsed J.V., Casamassima A., Kurihara H., Mariani D., Martinez I., Pereira J., et al. ESTES guidelines: acute mesenteric ischaemia. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016;42(2):253–70. DOI: 10.1007/s00068-016-0634-0Klotz S., Vestring T., Rötker J., Schmidt C., Scheld H.H., Schmid C. Diagnosis and treatment of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia after open heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72(5):1583–6. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)03179-4Klotz S., Vestring T., Rötker J., Schmidt C., Scheld H.H., Schmid C. Diagnosis and treatment of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia after open heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72(5):1583–6. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)03179-4Takiguchi T., Nakajima M., Ohbe H., Sasabuchi Y., Matsui H., Fushimi K., et al. Vasodilator therapy and mortality in nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: a nationwide observational study. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(5):e356–61. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004255Takiguchi T., Nakajima M., Ohbe H., Sasabuchi Y., Matsui H., Fushimi K., et al. Vasodilator therapy and mortality in nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: a nationwide observational study. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(5):e356–61. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004255Roussel A., Castier Y., Nuzzo A., Pellenc Q., Sibert A., Panis Y., et al. Revascularization of acute mesenteric ischemia after creation of a dedicated multidisciplinary center. J Vasc Surg. 2015;62(5):1251–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.06.204Roussel A., Castier Y., Nuzzo A., Pellenc Q., Sibert A., Panis Y., et al. Revascularization of acute mesenteric ischemia after creation of a dedicated multidisciplinary center. J Vasc Surg. 2015;62(5):1251–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.06.204Reintam Blaser A., Acosta S., Arabi Y.M. A clinical approach to acute mesenteric ischemia. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2021;27(2):183–92. DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000802Reintam Blaser A., Acosta S., Arabi Y.M. A clinical approach to acute mesenteric ischemia. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2021;27(2):183–92. DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000802Lilley E.J., Cooper Z., Schwarze M.L., Mosenthal A.C. Palliative care in surgery: defining the research priorities. J Palliat Med. 2017;20(7):702– 9. DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0079Lilley E.J., Cooper Z., Schwarze M.L., Mosenthal A.C. Palliative care in surgery: defining the research priorities. J Palliat Med. 2017;20(7):702– 9. DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0079Zierler R.E., Jordan W.D., Lal B.K., Mussa F., Leers S., Fulton J., et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on follow-up after vascular surgery arterial procedures. J Vasc Surg. 2018;68(1):256–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.04.018Zierler R.E., Jordan W.D., Lal B.K., Mussa F., Leers S., Fulton J., et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on follow-up after vascular surgery arterial procedures. J Vasc Surg. 2018;68(1):256–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.04.018

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.