surgoncoКреативная хирургия и онкологияCreative surgery and oncology2076-30932307-0501Башкирский государственный медицинский университет10.24060/2076-3093-2026-16-1-22-33surgonco-1176Research ArticleОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSСовременные методы визуализации внеклеточных везикулModern Methods for Imaging Extracellular Vesicleshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5460БейлерлиО. А.BeylerliO. A.

Бейлерли Озал Арзуман оглы — к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник, учебно-научный институт нейрохирургии.

Москва

Ozal A. Beylerli — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Educational and Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery.

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8339-7135ЩекинВ. С.ShchekinV. S.

Щекин Влас Сергеевич — к.м.н., морфологическая лаборатория Института фундаментальной медицины.

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа

Vlas S. Shchekin — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Morphology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine.

Ufa

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-0713АлышовА. Б.AlyshovA. B.

Алышов Агаш Беймирза оглы — отделение анестезиологии и реаниматологии № 2.

Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ, Новый Уренгой

Agash B. Alyshov — Anaesthesiology and lntensive Care Unit No.2.

Novy Urengoy

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5613-4654НагиевА. Д.NagievA. D.

Нагиев Асим Джалалович — студент, лечебный факультет.

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа

Asim D. Nagiev — Student, Faculty of Medicine.

Ufa

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1082-0084НуждинЭ. Н.NuzhdinE. N.

Нуждин Эдуард Николаевич — студент, лечебный факультет.

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа

Eduard N. Nuzhdin — Student, Faculty of Medicine.

Ufa

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6132-1752ГозаловаН.GozalovaN.

Гозалова Наргиз — студент, факультет медицины и здравоохранения.

Ханкенди

Nargiz Gozalova — Student, Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare.

Khankendi

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4036-519XЖангХонглиZhangHongli

Хонгли Жанг — младший научный сотрудник, отделение нейрохирургии.

Харбин

Hongli Zhang — Junior Researcher, Neurosurgery Unit.

Harbin

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0830-0000ЯнгЛиYangLei

Ли Янг — PhD, профессор, отделение ортопедии.

Харбин

Lei Yang — PhD, Prof., Orthopaedic Unit.

Harbin

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-0835ГареевИ. Ф.GareevI. F.

Гареев Ильгиз Фанилевич — к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник, учебно-научный институт нейрохирургии.

Москва

Ilgiz F. Gareev — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Educational and Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery.

Moscow

ilgiz_gareev@mail.ruРоссийский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса ЛумумбыРоссияRUDN UniversityRussian FederationБашкирский государственный медицинский университетРоссияBashkir State Medical UniversityRussian FederationНовоуренгойская центральная городская больницаРоссияNovy Urengoy Central City HospitalRussian FederationКарабахский университетАзербайджанKarabakh UniversityAzerbaijanПервый аффилированный госпиталь Харбинского медицинского университета; Институт нейронаук провинции ХэйлунцзянКитайThe First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University; Heilongjiang Province Neuroscience InstituteChinaПервый аффилированный госпиталь Харбинского медицинского университетаКитайThe First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityChina2026090420261612233Copyright © Бейлерли О.А., Щекин В.С., Алышов А.Б., Нагиев А.Д., Нуждин Э.Н., Гозалова Н., Жанг Х., Янг Л., Гареев И.Ф., 20262026Бейлерли О.А., Щекин В.С., Алышов А.Б., Нагиев А.Д., Нуждин Э.Н., Гозалова Н., Жанг Х., Янг Л., Гареев И.Ф.Beylerli O.A., Shchekin V.S., Alyshov A.B., Nagiev A.D., Nuzhdin E.N., Gozalova N., Zhang H., Yang L., Gareev I.F.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.surgonco.ru/jour/article/view/1176

Внеклеточные везикулы (ВВ), такие как экзосомы и микровезикулы (МВ), — это наночастицы, заключенные в липидный бислой и высвобождаемые различными клетками. Диаметр ВВ варьируется от 30 нм до нескольких микрометров, и они переносят биологический груз, такой как белки, липиды, РНК и ДНК, для локальной и дистанционной межклеточной коммуникации. Впоследствии было установлено, что ВВ играют роль в развитии и прогрессировании ряда заболеваний человека, в том числе опухолей. ВВ потенциально могут быть использованы в клинической деятельности в качестве транспортеров различных терапевтических агентов и диагностических инструментов различных заболеваний благодаря своей способности преодолевать биологические барьеры, такие как гематоэнцефалический барьер (ГЭБ), и специфически нацеливаться на определенные клетки. Для понимания роли ВВ в различных аспектах, от упаковки генетического материала и сигнальных молекул во время биогенеза ВВ внутри клеток-доноров до отслеживания их поглощения клетками-реципиентами и последствий после интернализации, крайне важно уметь ВВ визуализировать. Клиническое применение ВВ в диагностике и терапии по-прежнему ограничено проблемой эффективной визуализации их с высоким разрешением как in vitro, так и in vivo, главным образом из-за их размера. Для решения этой проблемы исследователи по всему миру разрабатывают инновационные методы маркировки и визуализации ВВ, стремясь раскрыть их полный потенциал. В данном обзоре рассматриваются современные и перспективные стратегии визуализации ВВ для исследований, а также обсуждаются преимущества и недостатки различных стратегий визуализации.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanoparticles released by various cells. Their diameters range from 30 nm to several micrometers, and they carry biological cargo, including proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA, for local and distant intercellular communication. EVs play important role in the development and progression of numerous human diseases, including cancer. EVs are considered promising candidates for clinical applications as carriers of therapeutic agents and as diagnostic tools, owing to their capacity to cross biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and target specific cells. The visualization of EVs is essential to understand their roles, from packaging genetic material and signaling molecules during their biogenesis in donor cells to tracking uptake by recipient cells and downstream signaling following internalization. The clinical translation of EVs in diagnostics and therapy remains limited by challenges associated with their high-resolution visualization both in vitro and in vivo, primarily due to their small size. Researchers worldwide are developing innovative labeling and visualization strategies to unlock EV full potential. This review covers current and emerging EV visualization approaches in research settings and discusses the advantages and limitations of the major imaging strategies.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.