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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">surgonco</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Креативная хирургия и онкология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Creative surgery and oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-3093</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2307-0501</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24060/2076-3093-2017-7-3-60-67</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">surgonco-244</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭПИГЕНЕТИКА КАНЦЕРОГЕНЕЗА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>EPIGENETICS OF CARCINOGENESIS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафин</surname><given-names>Р. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mustafin</surname><given-names>Rustam N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мустафин Рустам Наилевич – кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник кафедры генетики и фундаментальной медицины БашГУ.</p><p>450076, Уфа, ул. Заки Валиди, 32.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mustafin Rustam Nailevich – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Research Officer of the Genetics and Fundamental Medicine Department of Bashkir State University.</p><p>32 Zaki Valedi str., Ufa, 450076.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ruji79@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуснутдинова</surname><given-names>Э. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusnutdinova</surname><given-names>Elza K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хуснутдинова Эльза Камилевна – доктор биологических наук, заведующая кафедрой генетики и фундаментальной медицины БашГУ. 450076, Уфа, ул. Заки Валиди, 32; директор ФГБУН Института биохимии и генетики УНЦ РАН. 450054, г. Уфа, проспект Октября, 71.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Khusnutdinova Elza Kamilevna – Doctor of Medical Sciences, the Head of the Genetics and Fundamental Medicine Department of Bashkir State University.</p><p>32 Zaki Valedi str., Ufa, 450076;</p><p>the Head of Federal State Budgetary Science Institution Biochemistry and Genetics Institute of Russian Science Academy Ufa Science Center.</p><p>71 October avenue, Ufa, 450054.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elzakh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Башкирский государственный университет».</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bashkiria State University.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Башкирский государственный университет»;  Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт биохимии и генетики Уфимского научного центра Российской академии наук.</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bashkiria State University; Ufa Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мустафин Р.Н., Хуснутдинова Э.К., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мустафин Р.Н., Хуснутдинова Э.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mustafin R.N., Khusnutdinova E.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.surgonco.ru/jour/article/view/244">https://www.surgonco.ru/jour/article/view/244</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время ключевыми механизмами канцерогенеза признаны эпигенетические события, к которым относятся специфические изменения метилирования ДНК, модификации гистонов, экспрессия микроРНК и высшая хроматиновая организация. Согласно последним данным, некодирующие РНК (микроРНК, малые интерферирующие РНК или siРНК, piРНК, длинные некодирующие РНК или lncРНК) в большинстве своем либо непосредственно образуются из мобильных генетических элементов, либо имеют транспозонное происхождение. Некодирующие РНК специфически влияют на метилирование генома и модификации гистонов в онтогенезе, чему способствуют эволюционно запрограммированные особенности активации транспозонов, из последовательностей которых происходят данные РНК. Таким образом, материальной основой эпигенетической наследственности служат транспозоны. Под действием стресса и при старении увеличивается вероятность развития онкопатологии, что объясняется повышенной вероятностью аномальной активации мобильных генетических элементов, чувствительных к стрессовым воздействиям и изменению уровня гормонов. Аномальная активация транспозонов в клетках ведет к геномной нестабильности – большинство подобных клеток подвергаются апоптозу. Однако в некоторых случаях прогрессирующая геномная нестабильность ведет к повреждению генов онкосупрессоров и активации онкогенов - в результате апоптоза не происходит, а клетки обретают способность неконтролирующей пролиферации с накоплением множества мутаций вследствие прогрессирующей геномной нестабильности, вызванной мобилизацией транспозонов. В каждом типе злокачественных опухолей запускаются свои каскадные механизмы активации мобильных генетических элементов с участием некодирующих РНК. Исследование эпигенетических механизмов развития каждого типа рака даст возможность разработать эффективные методы ранней молекулярно-генетической диагностики онкопатологии, а также таргетной терапии на разных стадиях развития патологического процесса.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Currently, the key mechanisms of carcinogenesis are epigenetic events. Epigenetic factors include DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNA expression and higher chromatin organization. Non-coding RNAs include microRNAs, small interfering RNAs or siRNAs, piRNAs, long noncoding RNAs or lncRNAs. According to recent data, most of these RNAs are directly formed from mobile genetic elements or have a transposon origin. Non-coding RNAs specifically affect the methylation of the genome and the modification of histones in ontogenesis. This is facilitated by evolutionarily programmed features of activation of transposons, since non-coding RNAs are formed from transposons. Thus, the material basis of epigenetic heredity are the transposons. Stress and aging increase the likelihood of developing cancer. This can be explained by an increase in the number of abnormal activation of mobile genetic elements that are sensitive to stress and hormones. Abnormal activation of transposons in cells leads to genomic instability-most such cells undergo apoptosis. However, in some cases, progressive genomic instability leads to damage to oncospressor genes and oncogenes activation - as a result of apoptosis does not occur, and cells acquire the ability of uncontrolled proliferation with the accumulation of a variety of mutations due to the progressive genomic instability caused by the mobilization of transposons. In each type of malignant tumors, specific cascade mechanisms of activation of mobile genetic elements with the participation of non-coding RNA are triggered. The study of epigenetic mechanisms of development of each type of cancer will enable to develop effective methods for early molecular genetic diagnosis of cancer, as well as targeted therapy at different stages of carcinogenesis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>геномная нестабильность (ГН)</kwd><kwd>длинные некодирующие РНК (lncРНК)</kwd><kwd>метилирование (МТ)</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>неаллельная гомологичная рекомбинация (NAHR – non-allelic homologous recombination)</kwd><kwd>некодирующие РНК (нкРНК)</kwd><kwd>ретротранспозиция (РТ)</kwd><kwd>транспозоны (ТЕ – transposable elements)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>: genomic instability</kwd><kwd>long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)</kwd><kwd>methylation</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>non-allelic homologous recombination</kwd><kwd>non-coding RNA</kwd><kwd>retrotransposition</kwd><kwd>transposons</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Майборода АА. 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