surgoncoКреативная хирургия и онкологияCreative surgery and oncology2076-30932307-0501Башкирский государственный медицинский университет10.24060/2076-3093-2019-9-4-297-304surgonco-439Research ArticleОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSЭкзосомальные длинные некодирующие РНК как биомаркеры и терапевтические мишени при ракеExosomal Long NonCoding Rnas as Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targetshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5460БейлерлиО. А.BeylerliO. A.

Бейлерли Озал Арзуман оглы — аспирант кафедры урологии с курсом ИДПО

450008, Уфа, ул. Ленина, 3

Beylerli Ozal Arzuman — Post-graduate student of the Department of Urology with the Course of Additional Professional Education

3 Lenin str., Ufa, 450008

obeylerli@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-0835ГареевИ. Ф.GareevI. F.

Гареев Ильгиз Фанилевич — аспирант кафедры нейрохирургии и медицинской реабилитации с курсом ИДПО

450008, Уфа, ул. Ленина, 3

Gareev Ilgiz Fanilevich — Post-graduate student of the Department of Neurosurgery and Medical Rehabilitation with the Course of Additional Professional Education

3 Lenin str., Ufa, 450008

ilgiz_gareev@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2125-4897ПавловВ. Н.PavlovV. N.

Павлов Валентин Николаевич — д.м.н., член-кор РАН, профессор, ректор, зав. кафедрой урологии с курсом ИДПО

450008, Уфа, ул. Ленина, 3

Pavlov Valentin Nikolaevich — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rector, Head of the Department of Urology with the Course of Additional Professional Education

3 Lenin str., Ufa, 450008

ShiguangZhaoShiguangZhao

Shiguang Zhao — профессор, зав. кафедрой нейрохирургии

150081, Хэйлунцзян, Харбин, Наньган, Баоцзянь-роуд, 157

Shiguang Zhao — Professor, Head of the Department of Neurosurgery

157 Baojian Rd, Nangang Qu, Haerbin Shi, Heilongjiang Sheng, 150081

guangsz@hotmail.comXinChenXinChen

Xin Chen — ассистент кафедры нейрохирургии, врач-фармаколог

150081, Хэйлунцзян, Харбин, Наньган, Баоцзянь-роуд, 157 

Xin Chen — Assistant lecturer of the Department of Neurosurgery, Pharmacologist

157 Baojian Rd, Nangang Qu, Haerbin Shi, Heilongjiang Sheng, 150081

chenxin_tracy@yeah.nethttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2444-9104КудряшовВ. В.KudriashovV. V.

Кудряшов Валентин Вадимович — аспирант отделения гастроэнтерологии

610065, провинция Сычуань, Чэнду, Йихуан-роуд

Kudriashov Valentin Vadimovich — Post-graduate student of the Department of Gastroenterology

Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan province, 610065

vkudryashov.uro@gmail.comБашкирский государственный медицинский университетРоссияBashkir State Medical UniversityRussian FederationХарбинский медицинский университетКитайHarbin Medical UniversityChinaЗападный китайский госпиталь Сычуаньского университетаКитайWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChina20192401202094297304Copyright © Бейлерли О.А., Гареев И.Ф., Павлов В.Н., Shiguang Z., Xin C., Кудряшов В.В., 20202020Бейлерли О.А., Гареев И.Ф., Павлов В.Н., Shiguang Z., Xin C., Кудряшов В.В.Beylerli O.A., Gareev I.F., Pavlov V.N., Shiguang Z., Xin C., Kudriashov V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.surgonco.ru/jour/article/view/439

Обширное изучение внеклеточных везикул началось примерно десять лет назад. Экзосомы — это внеклеточные мембранные везикулы диаметром 30–100 нм, которые секретируются различными типами клеток и присутствуют в большинстве биологических жидкостей. Долгое время считались нефункциональными клеточными компонентами, а на сегодняшний день уже доказано, что являются средством межклеточного обмена информацией. Они могут перемещать биоактивные молекулы, такие как белки, липиды, РНК и ДНК. Несколько исследований показали, что их содержимое, включая белки и некодирующие нуклеиновые кислоты, могут представлять особый интерес в качестве биомаркеров заболеваний. Из этих молекул наиболее привлекательными являются некодирующие РНК (нкРНК), включая микроРНК и длинные некодирующие РНК (lncRNA). LncRNAs являются большой группой некодирующих РНК (ncRNAs) длиной более 200 нуклеотидов. LncRNAs как факторы регуляции играют важную роль в сложных клеточных процессах, таких как апоптоз, рост, дифференцировка, пролиферация и т. д. Несмотря на многие достижения в области диагностики и терапии (хирургия, лучевая терапия, химиотерапия), рак по-прежнему остается одной из наиболее важных проблем общественного здравоохранения во всем мире. С каждым днем все лучше описывается роль экзосом в развитии рака и метастазировании. Жидкостная биопсия была разработана для выявления рака на ранней стадии на основе минимально инвазивных и серийных исследований жидкости организма с преимуществом отслеживания развития опухоли в режиме реального времени. Фактически были обнаружены циркулирующие lncRNAs в экзосомах, которые подтвердили, что они тесно связаны с онкогенезом, метастазированием и терапией. В этом материале мы представляем обзор текущих исследований функциональной роли экзосомальных lncRNAs при раке и обсуждаем их потенциальное клиническое применение в качестве диагностических биомаркеров и терапевтических мишеней для рака.

Extensive study of extracellular vesicles began about ten years ago. Exosomes are extracellular membrane vesicles 30–100 nm in diameter secreted by various types of cells and present in most biological fluids. For a long time they were considered non-functional cellular components. However, it has been proven that they serve as a means of intercellular exchange of information. They can move bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. Several studies have shown that their contents, including proteins and non-coding nucleic acids, may be of particular interest as biomarkers of diseases. The most promising of all these molecules are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs are a large group of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) longer than 200 nucleotides. As regulatory factors lncRNAs play an important role in complex cellular processes, such as apoptosis, growth, differentiation, proliferation, etc. Despite many advances in diagnosis and treatment (surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy), cancer remains one of the most important public healthcare problems worldwide. Every day brings a better understanding of the role of exosomes in the development of cancer and metastases. Liquid biopsy has been developed as a method for the detection of cancer at an early stage. This is a series of minimally invasive tests of bodily fluids offering the advantage of real-time tracking of the tumour development. In fact, circulating exosomal lncRNAs have been found to be closely linked to processes of oncogenesis, metastasis and treatment. In this paper we review current studies into the functional role of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer and discuss their potential clinical use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.