<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">surgonco</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Креативная хирургия и онкология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Creative surgery and oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-3093</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2307-0501</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24060/2076-3093-2024-14-2-105-115</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">surgonco-946</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Стрессовый ответ и анальгезия во время и после робот‑ассистированной тазовой эвисцерации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Stress Response and Analgesia During and after Robotic-Assisted Pelvic Exenteration</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-7794</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лифанова</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lifanova</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лифанова Алена Дмитриевна — аспирант, кафедра анестезиологии и реаниматологии</p><p>Республика Башкортостан, Уфа</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alyona D. Lifanova — Postgraduate Student, Department of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation</p><p>Ufa</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-8543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гражданкин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grazhdankin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гражданкин Александр Александрович — кафедра анестезиологии и реаниматологии</p><p>Республика Башкортостан, Уфа</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Grazhdankin — Department of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation</p><p>Ufa</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-5054</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лутфарахманов</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lutfarakhmanov</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лутфарахманов Ильдар Ильдусович — д.м.н., профессор, кафедра анестезиологии и реаниматологии</p><p>Республика Башкортостан, Уфа</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ildar I. Lutfarakhmanov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Department of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation</p><p>Ufa</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">an-rean@bashgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bashkir State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лифанова А.Д., Гражданкин А.А., Лутфарахманов И.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лифанова А.Д., Гражданкин А.А., Лутфарахманов И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lifanova A.D., Grazhdankin A.A., Lutfarakhmanov I.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.surgonco.ru/jour/article/view/946">https://www.surgonco.ru/jour/article/view/946</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Торакальная эпидуральная анестезия/анальгезия (ТЭАА) и опиоидная внутривенная мультимодальная анальгезия (ММА) позволяют адекватно контролировать периоперационную боль, но сравнительные данные отсутствуют. Целью исследования было сравнить оба метода анестезии по стрессовому ответу во время и после робот-ассистированной тазовой эвисцерации (РАТЭ). Материалы и методы. Сто двенадцать пациентов были поровну разделены на 2 группы. Сывороточный кортизол определяли при индукции анестезии и 2, 24, 48 часов спустя. Эффективность анальгезии сравнивали с помощью 10-балльной числовой шкалы боли. Потребление обезболивающих средств и побочные эффекты были зарегистрированы в течение 1–3 дней после операции. Результаты. Уровень кортизола увеличился через 2 часа после разреза кожи в группе ММА и только через 24  часа в  группе ТЭАА (р &lt; 0,050). Послеоперационный уровень кортизола был значительно ниже в группе ТЭАА (р = 0,001). Числовые оценки болевого синдрома были значительно меньше в группе ТЭАА (1,7 [1,0–3,2] против 2,7 [2,1–4,2]; 1,9 [1,0–3,3] против 3,5 [3,5–5,0]; 3,7 [3,0–4,8] против 4,2 [3,7–4,7] соответственно; р &lt; 0,050). Пациентам группы ТЭАА вводили меньше опиоидов (4,3 против 13,9 мг; 7,0 против 19,9 мг; 10,9 против 16,5 мг соответственно; р &lt; 0,050). Не было существенной разницы в частоте дыхательной депрессии между двумя группами пациентов. Обсуждение. Результаты нашего исследования показали, что периоперационная реакция на стресс была снижена при добавлении ТЭАА к протоколу анестезии. Пациенты группы ТЭАА получили меньшие дозы анальгетиков. Аналогичные краткосрочные послеоперационные результаты были отмечены в обеих группах. Заключение. По сравнению с опиоидной ММА ТЭАА обеспечивала лучшую анальгезию и аналогичные профили побочных эффектов и представляется приемлемым методом подавления стрессового ответа и обезболивания у пациентов, перенесших РАТЭ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Thoracic epidural analgesia or thoracic epidural anaesthesia (TEA) and opioid-based intravenous multimodal analgesia (MMA) provide adequate control of perioperative pain, however, comparative data are still to be gathered. Aim. To compare both anesthesia techniques in terms of stress response during and after robotic-assisted pelvic exenteration (PE). Materials and methods. 112 patients were divided into 2 equal groups A level of serum cortisol was measured at induction of anesthesia and in 2, 24, and 48 hours. The efficacy of analgesia was compared using a 10-point numeric pain scale. Analgesic administration and side effects were reported for 1–3 postoperative days. Results. Cortisol levels increased 2 hours after skin incision in the MMA group and only in 24 hours in the TEA group (p &lt; 0.050). Postoperative cortisol levels were significantly lower in the TEA group (p = 0.001). Numeric pain scores were significantly lower in the TEA group (1.7 [1.0–3.2] vs. 2.7 [2.1–4.2]; 1.9 [1.0–3.3] vs. 3.5 [3.5–5.0]; 3.7 [3.0–4.8] vs. 4.2 [3.7–4.7], respectively; p &lt; 0.050). Patients in the TEA group received less opioid administration (4.3 mg vs. 13.9 mg; 7.0 mg vs. 19.9 mg; 10.9 mg vs. 16.5 mg, respectively; p &lt; 0.050). The two groups of patients were detected with no significant difference in the incidence of respiratory depression. Discussion. According to the study results, perioperative stress response was reduced with TEA being added to the anesthesia protocol. Patients in the TEA group received lower doses of analgesics. Both groups produced similar short-term postoperative outcomes. Conclusion. As compared to opioid-based MMA, TEA provided more effective analgesia and similar side effect profiles. Therefore, TEA appears to be an acceptable method for stress response suppression and pain management in patients undergoing robotic-assisted PE.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тазовая эвисцерация</kwd><kwd>робот-ассистированная хирургия</kwd><kwd>стрессовый ответ</kwd><kwd>кортизол</kwd><kwd>торакальная эпидуральная анестезия/анальгезия</kwd><kwd>периоперационный период</kwd><kwd>мультимодальная анальгезия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pelvic exenteration</kwd><kwd>robot-assisted surgery</kwd><kwd>stress response</kwd><kwd>cortisol</kwd><kwd>thoracic epidural analgesia</kwd><kwd>thoracic epidural anesthesia</kwd><kwd>perioperative period</kwd><kwd>multimodal analgesia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solomon M.J. Redefining the boundaries of advanced pelvic oncology surgery. Br J Surg. 2021;108(5):453–5. DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solomon M.J. Redefining the boundaries of advanced pelvic oncology surgery. Br J Surg. 2021;108(5):453–5. DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazi M., Sukumar V., Desouza A., Saklani A. State-of-the-art surgery for recurrent and locally advanced rectal cancers. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2021;406(6):1763–74. DOI: 10.1007/s00423-021-02285-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazi M., Sukumar V., Desouza A., Saklani A. State-of-the-art surgery for recurrent and locally advanced rectal cancers. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2021;406(6):1763–74. DOI: 10.1007/s00423-021-02285-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lau Y.C., Brown K.G.M., Lee P. Pelvic exenteration for locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer-how much more? J Gastrointest Oncol. 2019;10(6):1207–14. DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2019.01.21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lau Y.C., Brown K.G.M., Lee P. Pelvic exenteration for locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer-how much more? J Gastrointest Oncol. 2019;10(6):1207–14. DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2019.01.21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheetz K.H., Claflin J., Dimick J.B. Trends in the adoption of robotic surgery for common surgical procedures. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):e1918911. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.18911</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheetz K.H., Claflin J., Dimick J.B. Trends in the adoption of robotic surgery for common surgical procedures. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):e1918911. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.18911</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boustead G.B., Feneley M.R. Pelvic exenterative surgery for palliation of malignant disease in the robotic era. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2010;22(9):740–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.07.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boustead G.B., Feneley M.R. Pelvic exenterative surgery for palliation of malignant disease in the robotic era. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2010;22(9):740–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.07.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pruthi R.S., Stefaniak H., Hubbard J.S., Wallen E.M. Robot-assisted laparoscopic anterior pelvic exenteration for bladder cancer in the female patient. J Endourol. 2008;22(10):2397–402. DOI: 10.1089/end.2008.0108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pruthi R.S., Stefaniak H., Hubbard J.S., Wallen E.M. Robot-assisted laparoscopic anterior pelvic exenteration for bladder cancer in the female patient. J Endourol. 2008;22(10):2397–402. DOI: 10.1089/end.2008.0108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлов В.Н., Кабиров И.Р., Сафиуллин Р.И., Алексеев А.В., Капора Е.С. Первый опыт робот-ассистированной эвисцерации малого таза при местно-распространенном раке шейки матки. Уральский медицинский журнал. 2018;9:86–9. DOI: 10.25694/URMJ.2018.09.27</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlov V.N., Kabirov I.R., Safiullin R.I., Alekseyev A.V., Kapora Y.S. Robot-assisted pelvic evisceration for locally advanced cervical cancer. First experience. Ural Medical J. 2018;9:86–9 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25694/URMJ.2018.09.27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PelvEx Collaborative. Perioperative management and anaesthetic considerations in pelvic exenterations using Delphi methodology: results from the PelvEx Collaborative. BJS Open. 2021;5(1):zraa055. DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zraa055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">PelvEx Collaborative. Perioperative management and anaesthetic considerations in pelvic exenterations using Delphi methodology: results from the PelvEx Collaborative. BJS Open. 2021;5(1):zraa055. DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zraa055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">White P.F., Kehlet H. Improving pain management: are we jumping from the frying pan into the fire? Anesth Analg. 2007;105(1):10–12. DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000268392.05157.a8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">White P.F., Kehlet H. Improving pain management: are we jumping from the frying pan into the fire? Anesth Analg. 2007;105(1):10–12. DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000268392.05157.a8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guay J., Nishimori M., Kopp S. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens for postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, vomiting and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7(7):CD001893. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001893. pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guay J., Nishimori M., Kopp S. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens for postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, vomiting and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7(7):CD001893. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001893. pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PelvEx Collaborative. Minimally invasive surgery techniques in pelvic exenteration: a systematic and meta-analysis review. Surg Endosc. 2018;32(12):4707–15. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6299-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">PelvEx Collaborative. Minimally invasive surgery techniques in pelvic exenteration: a systematic and meta-analysis review. Surg Endosc. 2018;32(12):4707–15. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6299-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bizzarri N., Chiantera V., Ercoli A., Fagotti A., Tortorella L., Conte C., et al. Minimally invasive pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies: a multi-institutional case series and review of the literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(7):1316–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2018.12.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bizzarri N., Chiantera V., Ercoli A., Fagotti A., Tortorella L., Conte C., et al. Minimally Invasive Pelvic Exenteration for Gynecologic Malignancies: A Multi-Institutional Case Series and Review of the Literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(7):1316–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2018.12.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rawal N. Epidural analgesia for postoperative pain: Improving outcomes or adding risks? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2021;35(1):53–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rawal N. Epidural analgesia for postoperative pain: Improving outcomes or adding risks? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2021;35(1):53–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heinink T.P., Baker B.G., Yates V.F., Addison D.C., Williams J.P. The effect of anaesthetist grade and frequency of insertion on epidural failure: a service evaluation in a United Kingdom teaching hospital. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:5. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2253-15-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heinink T.P., Baker B.G., Yates V.F., Addison D.C., Williams J.P. The effect of anaesthetist grade and frequency of insertion on epidural failure: a service evaluation in a United Kingdom teaching hospital. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:5. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2253-15-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suksompong S., von Bormann S., von Bormann B. Regional catheters for postoperative pain control: review and observational data. Anesth Pain Med. 2020;10(1):e99745. DOI: 10.5812/aapm.99745</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suksompong S., von Bormann S., von Bormann B. Regional catheters for postoperative pain control: review and observational data. Anesth Pain Med. 2020;10(1):e99745. DOI: 10.5812/aapm.99745</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alagoz A., Sazak H., Tunc M., Ulus F., Kokulu S., Pehlivanoglu P., et al. Teaching practices of thoracic epidural catheterizations in different grade of anesthesia residents. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2016;66(1):1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2014.07.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alagoz A., Sazak H., Tunc M., Ulus F., Kokulu S., Pehlivanoglu P., et al. Teaching practices of thoracic epidural catheterizations in different grade of anesthesia residents. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2016;66(1):1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2014.07.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kingma B.F., Visser E., Marsman M., Ruurda J.P., van Hillegersberg R. Epidural analgesia after minimally invasive esophagectomy: efficacy and complication profile. Dis Esophagus. 2019;32(8):116. DOI: 10.1093/dote/doy116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kingma B.F., Visser E., Marsman M., Ruurda J.P., van Hillegersberg R. Epidural analgesia after minimally invasive esophagectomy: efficacy and complication profile. Dis Esophagus. 2019;32(8):116. DOI: 10.1093/dote/doy116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rigg J.R., Jamrozik K., Myles P.S., Silbert B.S., Peyton P.J., Parsons R.W., et al.; MASTER Anaethesia Trial Study Group. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9314):1276–82. DOI: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(02)08266-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rigg J.R., Jamrozik K., Myles P.S., Silbert B.S., Peyton P.J., Parsons R.W., et al.; MASTER Anaethesia Trial Study Group. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9314):1276–82. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08266-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Dong H., Tan S., Qian Y., Jin W. Effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia/analgesia on the stress response, pain relief, hospital stay, and treatment costs of patients with esophageal carcinoma undergoing thoracic surgery: A single-center, randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(7):e14362. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014362</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Dong H., Tan S., Qian Y., Jin W. Effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia/analgesia on the stress response, pain relief, hospital stay, and treatment costs of patients with esophageal carcinoma undergoing thoracic surgery: A single-center, randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(7):e14362. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014362</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volk T., Schenk M., Voigt K., Tohtz S., Putzier M., Kox W.J. Postoperative epidural anesthesia preserves lymphocyte, but not monocyte, immune function after major spine surgery. Anesth Analg. 2004;98(4):1086–92. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000104586.12700.3A</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volk T., Schenk M., Voigt K., Tohtz S., Putzier M., Kox W.J. Postoperative epidural anesthesia preserves lymphocyte, but not monocyte, immune function after major spine surgery. Anesth Analg. 2004;98(4):1086–92. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000104586.12700.3A</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drummond G.B., Bates A., Mann J., Arvind D.K. Characterization of breathing patterns during patient-controlled opioid analgesia. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(6):971–8. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet259</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drummond G.B., Bates A., Mann J., Arvind D.K. Characterization of breathing patterns during patient-controlled opioid analgesia. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(6):971–8. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet259</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salicath J.H., Yeoh E.C., Bennett M.H. Epidural analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra-abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8(8):CD010434. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010434.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salicath J.H., Yeoh E.C., Bennett M.H. Epidural analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra-abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8(8):CD010434. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010434.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
