surgoncoКреативная хирургия и онкологияCreative surgery and oncology2076-30932307-0501Башкирский государственный медицинский университет10.24060/2076-3093-2024-14-2-180-185surgonco-955Research ArticleОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSМеханизмы онкопротективных эффектов фитостеролов. Обзор литературыMechanisms of Cancerprotective Effects of Phytosterols. Literature Reviewhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0371-0385РахматуллинаИ. Р.RakhmatullinaI. R.

Рахматуллина Ирина Робинзоновна — д.м.н., профессор, кафедра онкологии и клинической морфологии

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа

Irina R. Rakhmatullina — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Department of Oncology and Clinical Morphology

Ufa

i.r.rakhmatullina@gmail.comКудашкинаН. В.KudashkinaN. V.

Кудашкина Наталья Владимировна — д.фарм.н., профессор, кафедра фармакогнозии и ботаники

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа

Natalya V. Kudashkina — Dr. Sci. (Pharmacy), Prof., Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany

Ufa

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-8125ФроловаВ. Ю.FrolovaV. Yu.

Фролова Вероника Юрьевна — к.м.н., кафедра онкологии и клинической морфологии, поликлиника

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа

Veronika Yu. Frolova — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Department of Oncology and Clinical Morphology, Outpatient Clinic

Ufa

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3746-8225ОзиеваМ. Х.OzievaM. Kh.

Озиева Мадина Хасановна — к.м.н., кафедра госпитальной хирургии, Центр амбулаторной онкологической помощи

Магас

Назрань

Madina Kh. Ozieva — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Department of Hospital Surgery, Outpatient Oncological Care Center

Magas

Nazran

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9416-1228СадыковБ. И.SadykovB. I.

Садыков Булат Ильдарович — ординатор, кафедра онкологии и клинической морфологии

Республика Башкортостан, Уфа

Bulat I. Sadykov — Resident, Department of Oncology and Clinical Morphology

Ufa

Башкирский государственный медицинский университетРоссияBashkir State Medical UniversityRussian FederationБашкирский государственный медицинский университет; Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансерРоссияBashkir State Medical University; Republican Clinical Oncology DispensaryRussian FederationИнгушский государственный университет; Городская поликлиникаРоссияIngush State University; City ClinicRussian Federation202405072024142180185Copyright © Рахматуллина И.Р., Кудашкина Н.В., Фролова В.Ю., Озиева М.Х., Садыков Б.И., 20242024Рахматуллина И.Р., Кудашкина Н.В., Фролова В.Ю., Озиева М.Х., Садыков Б.И.Rakhmatullina I.R., Kudashkina N.V., Frolova V.Y., Ozieva M.K., Sadykov B.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.surgonco.ru/jour/article/view/955

Онкологические заболевания являются второй причиной смертности в  Российской Федерации. Продление жизни пациентов с  онкологической патологией предусматривает лечение токсическими препаратами с  множественными побочными явлениями. Сегодня ученые всего мира стремятся найти препараты без токсических явлений. Мы обратились к  фитостеролам. Фитостеролы  — это класс стероидов, широко распространенных в растениях как важный компонент мембран растительных клеток. К ним относятся стигмастерол, бета-ситостерол, кампестерол. При раке печени было найдено, что стигмастерол повышает экспрессию проапоптотических генов (Bax, p53) и снижает экспрессию антиапоптотического гена Bcl-2 в клетках рака печени HepG2. Стигмастерол способен вызывать остановку клеток в фазе G0-G1 (стационарная фаза), в результате чего в фазе G2/M (фаза деления) оказывается намного меньше клеток. Стигмастерол индуцирует апоптоз и защитную аутофагию в  клетках рака желудка, ингибируя при этом сигнальный путь Akt/mTOR. β-ситостерол проявляет ингибирующее рост и  цитотоксическое действие против ряда установленных линий раковых клеток in  vitro и in vivo, но не вызывает острых/подострых токсических эффектов. β-ситостерол широко используется для лечения хронических заболеваний предстательной железы. В  США за  2020  год потребители с  этой целью потратили 24 827 065  долларов на  биологически активные добавки, содержащие бета-ситостерол. Кампестерол индуцирует апоптоз клеток через митохондриальный путь. Кампестерол цитотоксичен по отношению к клеткам U937 гепатоцеллюлярного рака. Кампестерол вызывает апоптоз клеток и активирует проапоптотические сигналы в клеточных линиях рака яичников человека. В данном обзоре литературы мы убедительно показали, что конкретные вещества этой группы — бета-ситостерол, стигмастерол и кампестерол — обладают выраженным противоопухолевым эффектом.

Cancer is recognized as the second leading cause of mortality in the Russian Federation. Prolonging the life of oncology patients involves treatment with toxic drugs, causing multiple side effects. Today, scientists around the world are striving to find non-toxic drugs. The present study explores phytosterols. Phytosterols refer to a class of steroids widely distributed in plants as an essential component of plant cell membranes. They include stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, and campesterol. Stigmasterol has been found to increase the expression of proapoptotic genes (Bax, p53) and decrease the expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 in HepG2 liver cancer cells. Stigmasterol is able to induce cell arrest in G0-G1 phase (stationary phase), resulting in fewer cells in the G2/M phase (division phase). It induces apoptosis and protective autophagy in gastric cancer cells while inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. β-sitosterol exhibits growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects against a number of established cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo, and remains free from acute/subacute toxic effects. β-sitosterol is widely used to treat chronic prostate diseases. In 2020, spendings on dietary supplements rich in beta-sitosterol accounted for $24 827 065 in the USA. Campesterol induces cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. It appears cytotoxic to U937 hepatocellular cancer cells. Campesterol induces cell apoptosis and activates proapoptotic signaling in ovarian cancer cell lines of a person. The present literature review demonstrates that specific substances in this group, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, provide pronounced antitumor effects.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.