Современные методы визуализации внеклеточных везикул

Внеклеточные везикулы (ВВ), такие как экзосомы и микровезикулы (МВ), — это наночастицы, заключенные в липидный бислой и высвобождаемые различными клетками. Диаметр ВВ варьируется от 30 нм до нескольких микрометров, и они переносят биологический груз, такой как белки, липиды, РНК и ДНК, для локальной и дистанционной межклеточной коммуникации. Впоследствии было установлено, что ВВ играют роль в развитии и прогрессировании ряда заболеваний человека, в том числе опухолей. ВВ потенциально могут быть использованы в клинической деятельности в качестве транспортеров различных терапевтических агентов и диагностических инструментов различных заболеваний благодаря своей способности преодолевать биологические барьеры, такие как гематоэнцефалический барьер (ГЭБ), и специфически нацеливаться на определенные клетки. Для понимания роли ВВ в различных аспектах, от упаковки генетического материала и сигнальных молекул во время биогенеза ВВ внутри клеток-доноров до отслеживания их поглощения клетками-реципиентами и последствий после интернализации, крайне важно уметь ВВ визуализировать. Клиническое применение ВВ в диагностике и терапии по-прежнему ограничено проблемой эффективной визуализации их с высоким разрешением как in vitro, так и in vivo, главным образом из-за их размера. Для решения этой проблемы исследователи по всему миру разрабатывают инновационные методы маркировки и визуализации ВВ, стремясь раскрыть их полный потенциал. В данном обзоре рассматриваются современные и перспективные стратегии визуализации ВВ для исследований, а также обсуждаются преимущества и недостатки различных стратегий визуализации.

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